Averesch, Shunk and Kern reported growth of C. sphaerospermum aboard the ISS and its effect on ionizing radiation.
Built / tested: fungal radiation-shield test
As reported in: Averesch, Shunk, Kern (2022). Cultivation of the Dematiaceous Fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum Aboard the International Space Station and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.877625
A high-strength, high-toughness sodium alginate/polyacrylamide double network hydrogel with self-healing and self-recovery, made in one pot.
Built / tested: hydrogels
As reported in: Zheng, Zhao, Wang et al. (2020). High-strength and high-toughness sodium alginate/polyacrylamide double physically crosslinked network hydrogel with superior self-healing and self-recovery properties prepared by a one-pot method. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124402
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Tournier and colleagues engineered an enzyme that breaks PET into its monomers, which were used to make near-petrochemical-grade PET for new bottles.
As reported in: Tournier, Topham, Gilles et al. (2020). An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles. Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2149-4
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Shunk and colleagues grew Cladosporium sphaerospermum on the International Space Station and measured radiation beneath it.
Built / tested: fungal radiation-shield test
As reported in: Shunk, Gomez, Kern et al. (2020). Growth of the Radiotrophic Fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum aboard the International Space Station and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. . doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.205534
A review of methods to modify hemp fibres for structural fibre-reinforced polymer composites.
As reported in: Tanasă, Zănoagă, Teacă et al. (2019). Modified hemp fibers intended for fiber‐reinforced polymer composites used in structural applications—A review. I. Methods of modification. Polymer Composites. doi:10.1002/pc.25354
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A review of ways to use lignin in polymer and composite systems for engineering applications.
As reported in: Collins, Nechifor, Tanasă et al. (2019). Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications – A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.069
Crosslinking collagen-fibre films with casein, keratin or soy protein improved mechanical properties and heat stability.
Built / tested: films
As reported in: Wu, Liu, Wang et al. (2018). Improved mechanical properties and thermal-stability of collagen fiber based film by crosslinking with casein, keratin or SPI: Effect of crosslinking process and concentrations of proteins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.144
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De France and colleagues reviewed hydrogels and aerogels containing nanocellulose.
As reported in: De France, Hoare, Cranston (2017). Review of Hydrogels and Aerogels Containing Nanocellulose. Chemistry of Materials. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00531
Shows how changing growth and processing conditions alters the physical properties of mycelium-based materials.
Built / tested: test materials
As reported in: Haneef, Ceseracciu, Canale et al. (2017). Advanced Materials From Fungal Mycelium: Fabrication and Tuning of Physical Properties. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/srep41292
Baik and colleagues made a reversible wet/dry adhesive patch based on the dome-like protuberances inside octopus suction cups.
As reported in: Baik, Kim, Park et al. (2017). A wet-tolerant adhesive patch inspired by protuberances in suction cups of octopi. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature22382
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Mishnaevsky and colleagues reviewed wind turbine blade materials, from standard glass-fibre/epoxy composites to natural, hybrid and nanoengineered composites.
As reported in: Mishnaevsky, Branner, Petersen et al. (2017). Materials for Wind Turbine Blades: An Overview. Materials. doi:10.3390/ma10111285
Cummer, Christensen and Alù reviewed acoustic metamaterials for controlling sound.
As reported in: Cummer, Christensen, Alù (2016). Controlling sound with acoustic metamaterials. Nature Reviews Materials. doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.1
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Josberger and colleagues measured the jelly from skate and shark ampullae of Lorenzini at about 2 mS/cm proton conductivity, the highest reported for a biological material and only 40 times lower than the synthetic polymer Nafion.
As reported in: Josberger, Hassanzadeh, Deng et al. (2016). Proton conductivity in ampullae of Lorenzini jelly. Science Advances. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600112
Highly anisotropic, highly transparent wood composites.
Built / tested: transparent wood
As reported in: Zhu, Song, Li et al. (2016). Highly Anisotropic, Highly Transparent Wood Composites. Advanced Materials. doi:10.1002/adma.201600427
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A review of how the cell structure and chemistry of cork explain its properties.
As reported in: Pereira (2015). The Rationale behind Cork Properties: A Review of Structure and Chemistry. BioResources. doi:10.15376/biores.10.3.pereira
A review linking the molecular structure of silk fibroin to its mechanical behaviour and uses.
As reported in: Koh, Cheng, Teng et al. (2015). Structures, mechanical properties and applications of silk fibroin materials. Progress in Polymer Science. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.001
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Biomimetic fibres made of recombinant spidroins with the same toughness as natural spider silk.
Built / tested: biomimetic fibres
As reported in: Heidebrecht, Eisoldt, Diehl et al. (2015). Biomimetic Fibers Made of Recombinant Spidroins with the Same Toughness as Natural Spider Silk. Advanced Materials. doi:10.1002/adma.201404234
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Grunenfelder and colleagues made impact-resistant composites inspired by the helicoidal structure of the mantis shrimp's club.
As reported in: Grunenfelder, Suksangpanya, Salinas et al. (2014). Bio-inspired impact-resistant composites. Acta Biomaterialia. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.022
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A review of properties and challenges of cellulose nanocrystals and their nanocomposites.
As reported in: Mariano, El Kissi, Dufresne (2014). Cellulose nanocrystals and related nanocomposites: Review of some properties and challenges. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. doi:10.1002/polb.23490
Chemically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal aerogels with shape recovery and superabsorbent properties.
Built / tested: aerogels
As reported in: Yang, Cranston (2014). Chemically Cross-Linked Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels with Shape Recovery and Superabsorbent Properties. Chemistry of Materials. doi:10.1021/cm502873c
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A review of flax fibre and its composites.
As reported in: Yan, Chouw, Jayaraman (2014). Flax fibre and its composites – A review. Composites Part B: Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014
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Ghasemi and colleagues made a porous structure that concentrates heat at the water surface, generating steam under low sunlight concentration while the bulk water stays cool.
As reported in: Ghasemi, Ni, Marconnet et al. (2014). Solar steam generation by heat localization. Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/ncomms5449
Zhao and colleagues reported a thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 at 923 K in SnSe single crystals, due to ultralow thermal conductivity.
As reported in: Zhao, Lo, Zhang et al. (2014). Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature13184
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Phan and colleagues made reconfigurable infrared camouflage coatings from squid reflectin.
Built / tested: reflectin coatings
As reported in: Phan, Walkup, Ordinario et al. (2013). Reconfigurable Infrared Camouflage Coatings from a Cephalopod Protein. Advanced Materials. doi:10.1002/adma.201301472
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Tensile and interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/glass fibre hybrid composites.
Built / tested: hybrid composites
As reported in: Zhang, Li, Ma et al. (2013). Tensile and interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Composites Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.08.037
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Evaluated mechanical properties of sisal-jute-glass fibre reinforced polyester composites.
Built / tested: hybrid composites
As reported in: Ramesh, Palanikumar, Reddy (2013). Mechanical property evaluation of sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.12.004
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Furukawa and colleagues reviewed MOF chemistry and applications.
As reported in: Furukawa, Cordova, O’Keeffe et al. (2013). The Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1230444
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Weaver and colleagues found the peacock mantis shrimp's club combines hydroxyapatite and amorphous mineral phases with a helical (helicoidal) arrangement of chitin fibres, giving several defences against breaking under repeated high-energy impacts.
As reported in: Weaver, Milliron, Miserez et al. (2012). The Stomatopod Dactyl Club: A Formidable Damage-Tolerant Biological Hammer. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1218764
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Sun and colleagues made hydrogels stretching over 20 times their length.
As reported in: Sun, Zhao, Illeperuma et al. (2012). Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature11409
Oeffner and Lauder used a robotic flapping foil to show real shark skin can increase swimming speed; the biomimetic materials they tested did not match that effect.
Built / tested: biomimetic shark skin
As reported in: Oeffner, Lauder (2012). The hydrodynamic function of shark skin and two biomimetic applications. Journal of Experimental Biology. doi:10.1242/jeb.063040
A review of sol-gel silica nanoparticles, their surface modification and use in silica-polymer nanocomposites.
As reported in: Rahman, Padavettan (2012). Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles by Sol‐Gel: Size‐Dependent Properties, Surface Modification, and Applications in Silica‐Polymer Nanocomposites—A Review. Journal of Nanomaterials. doi:10.1155/2012/132424
Cranford and colleagues showed silk's softening then stiffening under strain localizes damage to single threads, making webs robust.
As reported in: Cranford, Tarakanova, Pugno et al. (2012). Nonlinear material behaviour of spider silk yields robust webs. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature10739
Wong and colleagues made self-repairing liquid-infused slippery surfaces inspired by the pitcher plant.
Built / tested: SLIPS coatings
As reported in: Wong, Kang, Tang et al. (2011). Bioinspired self-repairing slippery surfaces with pressure-stable omniphobicity. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature10447
Lee, Messersmith, Israelachvili and Waite reviewed mussel-inspired adhesives and coatings.
As reported in: Lee, Messersmith, Israelachvili et al. (2011). Mussel-Inspired Adhesives and Coatings. Annual Review of Materials Research. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100429
A step-by-step protocol for turning silkworm cocoons into fibroin solution and then into many material formats.
Built / tested: films, gels, sponges, fibres
As reported in: Rockwood, Preda, Yücel et al. (2011). Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin. Nature Protocols. doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.379
Studied water vapour sorption of thermally modified and densified wood.
As reported in: Hill, Ramsay, Keating et al. (2011). The water vapour sorption properties of thermally modified and densified wood. Journal of Materials Science. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-6154-8
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Seki, Bodde and Meyers compared toucan and hornbill beaks and found the stiffness of the toucan's keratin shell is the same lengthwise and crosswise, while the hornbill's may differ by direction.
Publisher update notice: erratum
As reported in: Seki, Bodde, Meyers (2010). Toucan and hornbill beaks: A comparative study. Acta Biomaterialia. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.026
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Harrington and colleagues showed mussel thread coatings use iron-DOPA bonds to be hard yet flexible.
As reported in: Harrington, Masic, Holten-Andersen et al. (2010). Iron-Clad Fibers: A Metal-Based Biological Strategy for Hard Flexible Coatings. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1181044
Dean and Bhushan reviewed shark-skin-inspired surfaces for reducing drag in turbulent flow.
Publisher update notice: correction
Built / tested: riblet surfaces
As reported in: Dean, Bhushan (2010). Shark-skin surfaces for fluid-drag reduction in turbulent flow: a review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0201
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Describes a way to separate crab-shell chitin into nanofibres of consistent width.
Built / tested: chitin nanofibres
As reported in: Ifuku, Nogi, Abe et al. (2009). Preparation of Chitin Nanofibers with a Uniform Width as α-Chitin from Crab Shells. Biomacromolecules. doi:10.1021/bm900163d
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A review of cork-based composite materials.
As reported in: Gil (2009). Cork Composites: A Review. Materials. doi:10.3390/ma2030776
Jang, Kim and Kwak showed an analogy between strain-energy-based bone remodeling algorithms and structural topology optimization.
As reported in: Jang, Kim, Kwak (2008). Analogy of Strain Energy Density Based Bone-Remodeling Algorithm and Structural Topology Optimization. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. doi:10.1115/1.3005202
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Lee and colleagues measured graphene as the strongest material ever tested.
As reported in: Lee, Wei, Kysar et al. (2008). Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1157996
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Capadona and colleagues made a polymer composite that switches between stiff and soft when wetted, inspired by sea cucumber dermis.
Built / tested: stiffness-changing composite
As reported in: Capadona, Shanmuganathan, Tyler et al. (2008). Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites Inspired by the Sea Cucumber Dermis. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1153307
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Cordier and colleagues made a rubber that heals when broken pieces are pressed together.
Built / tested: self-healing rubber
As reported in: Cordier, Tournilhac, Soulié-Ziakovic et al. (2008). Self-healing and thermoreversible rubber from supramolecular assembly. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature06669
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Synthesis, properties and characterisation of silica aerogel.
As reported in: Soleimani Dorcheh, Abbasi (2008). Silica aerogel; synthesis, properties and characterization. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.060
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Harrison and colleagues made polyethylene and boron nitride composites for space radiation shielding.
As reported in: Harrison, Weaver, Bertelsen et al. (2008). Polyethylene/boron nitride composites for space radiation shielding. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. doi:10.1002/app.27949
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Snyder and Toberer reviewed strategies to raise thermopower and cut thermal conductivity in complex thermoelectric materials.
As reported in: Snyder, Toberer (2008). Complex thermoelectric materials. Nature Materials. doi:10.1038/nmat2090
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Geim and Novoselov reviewed graphene and its prospects.
As reported in: Geim, Novoselov (2007). The rise of graphene. Nature Materials. doi:10.1038/nmat1849
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Studied how water absorption affects the mechanical properties of hemp fibre-reinforced polyester composites.
Built / tested: fibre composites
As reported in: DHAKAL, ZHANG, RICHARDSON (2007). Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019
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Lee and colleagues found dopamine forms a thin coating on almost any surface, inspired by mussel proteins.
Built / tested: polydopamine coatings
As reported in: Lee, Dellatore, Miller et al. (2007). Mussel-Inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1147241
Lee, Lee and Messersmith combined gecko-like pillars with a mussel-inspired coating for adhesion wet or dry.
Built / tested: geckel adhesive
As reported in: Lee, Lee, Messersmith (2007). A reversible wet/dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature05968
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Toohey and colleagues used a skin-like network of channels to heal a coating repeatedly.
As reported in: Toohey, Sottos, Lewis et al. (2007). Self-healing materials with microvascular networks. Nature Materials. doi:10.1038/nmat1934
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Seki, Schneider and Meyers studied the structure and mechanical behaviour of the toucan beak.
As reported in: SEKI, SCHNEIDER, MEYERS (2005). Structure and mechanical behavior of a toucan beak. Acta Materialia. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.04.048
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Studied how matrix and fibre modification, fibre content, water uptake and recycling affect short flax fibre/polypropylene composites.
Built / tested: composites
As reported in: Arbelaiz, Fernández, Ramos et al. (2005). Mechanical properties of short flax fibre bundle/polypropylene composites: Influence of matrix/fibre modification, fibre content, water uptake and recycling. Composites Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.01.008
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Used ionic liquids as solvents to dissolve and blend wool keratin fibres.
Built / tested: keratin blends
As reported in: Xie, Li, Zhang (2005). Ionic liquids as novel solvents for the dissolution and blending of wool keratin fibers. Green Chemistry. doi:10.1039/b502547h
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Otsuka and Ren reviewed the physics and metallurgy of Ti-Ni shape-memory alloys.
As reported in: Otsuka, Ren (2005). Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys. Progress in Materials Science. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.10.001
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Reports electrospinning chitin into nanofibres and then converting them to chitosan.
Built / tested: electrospun fibre mats
As reported in: Min, Lee, Lim et al. (2004). Chitin and chitosan nanofibers: electrospinning of chitin and deacetylation of chitin nanofibers. Polymer. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.048
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Novoselov, Geim, and colleagues made and measured atom-thin carbon films, work that won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics.
As reported in: Novoselov, Geim, Morozov et al. (2004). Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1102896
Geim and colleagues made a microfabricated adhesive copying gecko foot hairs.
Built / tested: gecko tape
As reported in: Geim, Dubonos, Grigorieva et al. (2003). Microfabricated adhesive mimicking gecko foot-hair. Nature Materials. doi:10.1038/nmat917
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Gong and colleagues made double-network hydrogels with very high strength.
As reported in: Gong, Katsuyama, Kurokawa et al. (2003). Double‐Network Hydrogels with Extremely High Mechanical Strength. Advanced Materials. doi:10.1002/adma.200304907
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Made a nanostructured artificial version of nacre.
Built / tested: nacre-like films
As reported in: Tang, Kotov, Magonov et al. (2003). Nanostructured artificial nacre. Nature Materials. doi:10.1038/nmat906
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Tested how environmental aging affects bamboo-glass fibre hybrid polymer composites.
Built / tested: hybrid composites
As reported in: Thwe, Liao (2002). Effects of environmental aging on the mechanical properties of bamboo–glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. doi:10.1016/s1359-835x(01)00071-9
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Compared three ways of growing hydroxyapatite crystals from solution and found that aging and precipitation speed are critical for purity.
As reported in: Koutsopoulos (2002). Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: A review study on the analytical methods. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. doi:10.1002/jbm.10280
Kirk, Borchert and Fuglsang reviewed enzyme uses in detergents, food, feed, textiles and other industries.
As reported in: Kirk, Borchert, Fuglsang (2002). Industrial enzyme applications. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00328-2
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Investigated making carbon fibres from lignin for use in fibre-reinforced composites.
Built / tested: carbon fibres
As reported in: Kadla, Kubo, Venditti et al. (2002). Lignin-based carbon fibers for composite fiber applications. Carbon. doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(02)00248-8
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Feng and colleagues reviewed superhydrophobic surfaces from natural examples to artificial ones.
Built / tested: superhydrophobic coatings
As reported in: Feng, Li, Li et al. (2002). Super‐Hydrophobic Surfaces: From Natural to Artificial. Advanced Materials. doi:10.1002/adma.200290020
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Reviewed adhesives and plastics based on soy protein products.
As reported in: Kumar, Choudhary, Mishra et al. (2002). Adhesives and plastics based on soy protein products. Industrial Crops and Products. doi:10.1016/s0926-6690(02)00007-9
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Studied how fibre treatments change the performance of coir-polyester composites.
Built / tested: composites
As reported in: Rout, Misra, Tripathy et al. (2001). The influence of fibre treatment on the performance of coir-polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/s0266-3538(01)00021-5
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Schmid and colleagues reviewed how enzymes and whole cells were used in industrial chemical production and where the field was heading.
As reported in: Schmid, Dordick, Hauer et al. (2001). Industrial biocatalysis today and tomorrow. Nature. doi:10.1038/35051736
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Used elastic theory and fracture mechanics to explain the strength of layered biocomposites like nacre.
As reported in: Okumura, de Gennes (2001). Why is nacre strong? Elastic theory and fracture mechanics for biocomposites with stratified structures. The European Physical Journal E. doi:10.1007/s101890170150
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White and colleagues embedded healing-agent capsules that burst and repair cracks in plastic.
Built / tested: self-healing composite
As reported in: White, Sottos, Geubelle et al. (2001). Autonomic healing of polymer composites. Nature. doi:10.1038/35057232
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Liu and colleagues built sonic crystals of small resonators that block sound at wavelengths 100 times their spacing; a 2 cm slab beat the normal mass law of sound transmission by an order of magnitude or more at 400 Hz.
As reported in: Liu, Zhang, Mao et al. (2000). Locally Resonant Sonic Materials. Science. doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1734
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An early overview of how bacteria produce cellulose and why its structure is unusual.
As reported in: Iguchi, Yamanaka, Budhiono (2000). Bacterial cellulose—a masterpiece of nature's arts. Journal of Materials Science. doi:10.1023/a:1004775229149
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Used lignin as a compatibiliser to improve coconut fibre-polypropylene composites.
Built / tested: composites
As reported in: Rozman, Tan, Kumar et al. (2000). The effect of lignin as a compatibilizer on the physical properties of coconut fiber–polypropylene composites. European Polymer Journal. doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(99)00200-1
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Improved mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of the fibres.
Built / tested: composites
As reported in: Gassan, Bledzki (1999). Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. Composites Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/s0266-3538(98)00169-9
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Li, Yaghi, and colleagues made an exceptionally stable, highly porous metal-organic framework.
As reported in: Li, Eddaoudi, O'Keeffe et al. (1999). Design and synthesis of an exceptionally stable and highly porous metal-organic framework. Nature. doi:10.1038/46248
Hypotheses linking the sequence, structure and mechanical properties of spider silk proteins.
As reported in: Hayashi, Shipley, Lewis (1999). Hypotheses that correlate the sequence, structure, and mechanical properties of spider silk proteins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. doi:10.1016/s0141-8130(98)00089-0
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Effect of fibre surface treatment on jute-polypropylene composites.
Built / tested: composites
As reported in: Gassan, Bledzki (1997). The influence of fiber-surface treatment on the mechanical properties of jute-polypropylene composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. doi:10.1016/s1359-835x(97)00042-0
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Barthlott and Neinhuis explained how micro-rough waxy leaf surfaces make lotus leaves self-cleaning.
As reported in: Barthlott, Neinhuis (1997). Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta. doi:10.1007/s004250050096
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Studied crystallinity in starch bioplastics.
As reported in: van Soest, Hulleman, de Wit et al. (1996). Crystallinity in starch bioplastics. Industrial Crops and Products. doi:10.1016/0926-6690(95)00048-8
An early study dispersing layered clay inside epoxy resin to make a nanocomposite.
Built / tested: epoxy nanocomposites
As reported in: Lan, Pinnavaia (1994). Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites. Chemistry of Materials. doi:10.1021/cm00048a006
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Binnig, Rohrer and colleagues demonstrated surface microscopy using vacuum tunneling for the first time, imaging surfaces at the atomic scale.
As reported in: Binnig, Rohrer, Gerber et al. (1982). Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Physical Review Letters. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57
Buehler and colleagues described the phase changes behind the unusual properties of near-equal nickel-titanium alloys.
As reported in: Buehler, Gilfrich, Wiley (1963). Effect of Low-Temperature Phase Changes on the Mechanical Properties of Alloys near Composition TiNi. Journal of Applied Physics. doi:10.1063/1.1729603
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Kistler made the first aerogels by drying gels without collapsing them.
As reported in: KISTLER (1931). Coherent Expanded Aerogels and Jellies. Nature. doi:10.1038/127741a0
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Samuel Kistler first made aerogels by replacing the liquid in a gel with gas.
Built / tested: aerogel
As reported in: KISTLER (1931). Coherent Expanded Aerogels and Jellies. Nature. doi:10.1038/127741a0
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