https://biotechencyclopedia.com/whats-new/Recently added, cited research entries.https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/actinium/#e-actinium-225-psma-61710.2967/jnumed.116.178673Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTKratochwil and colleagues reported two men with advanced prostate cancer whose PSA fell below measurable levels and whose scans showed complete response after experimental actinium-225-PSMA-617 alpha therapy; dry mouth was the only notable clinical side effect. doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.178673https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/aluminum/#e-aluminium-vaccine-adjuvants10.1038/s41541-018-0089-xMon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTHogenEsch, O'Hagan and Fox reviewed aluminium-containing adjuvants, used for over 90 years to strengthen immune responses to vaccines, and argued they should stay the benchmark for comparing new adjuvants. doi:10.1038/s41541-018-0089-xhttps://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/antimony/#e-arsenic-in-water-and-antimony-drug-resistance10.1073/pnas.1311535110Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTPerry and colleagues passaged Leishmania donovani in mice drinking arsenic-contaminated water; after five passages the parasites were completely resistant to the antimonial drug Pentostam, supporting the idea that arsenic contamination may have helped drive antimonial resistance in Bihar, India. doi:10.1073/pnas.1311535110https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/argon/#e-argon-protects-brain-slices10.1186/cc8214Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTLoetscher and colleagues found argon protected mouse hippocampal slice cultures in lab models of oxygen-glucose deprivation and traumatic brain injury, even when given three hours after the injury. doi:10.1186/cc8214https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/arsenic/#e-arsenic-trioxide-for-relapsed-apl10.1182/blood.v89.9.3354Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTShen and colleagues gave arsenic trioxide to 15 patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia; 9 of 10 treated with it alone reached complete remission, without bone-marrow suppression. doi:10.1182/blood.v89.9.3354https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/arsenic/#e-retinoic-acid-plus-arsenic-trioxide10.1056/nejmoa1300874Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn a phase 3 trial in low-to-intermediate-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia, all-trans retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide gave 97% two-year event-free survival versus 86% with retinoic acid plus chemotherapy, with less blood toxicity but more liver toxicity. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1300874https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/astatine/#e-astatine-211-minibody-for-prostate-cancer10.1186/s13550-020-0600-zMon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTBäck and colleagues attached astatine-211 to an anti-PSCA minibody; in mice it cut subcutaneous prostate tumour volumes by about 85% at six weeks and clearly inhibited growth of tumours in bone. doi:10.1186/s13550-020-0600-zhttps://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/barium/#e-barium-sulfate-for-leaks-after-surgery10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015057Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTGollub and Bains reviewed 29 postoperative esophagograms made with diluted barium sulfate that showed leaks; no patient developed mediastinitis, and they concluded barium can be used safely to rule out leaks after esophageal surgery. doi:10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015057https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/beryllium/#e-beryllium-specific-t-cells-drive-lung-disease10.1056/nejm198904273201702Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTSaltini and colleagues found that in chronic beryllium disease, beryllium acts as an antigen that makes beryllium-specific CD4+ helper T cells multiply and build up in the lungs, so the disease is a hypersensitivity reaction to beryllium. doi:10.1056/nejm198904273201702https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/bismuth/#e-bismuth-quadruple-therapy-for-h-pylori10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60020-2Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn a phase 3 trial at 39 European sites, 10-day quadruple therapy (omeprazole plus one capsule of bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole and tetracycline) gave superior H. pylori eradication to 7-day clarithromycin-based triple therapy, with similar safety. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60020-2https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/boron/#e-boron-neutron-capture-therapy10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0035Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTBarth, Coderre and colleagues reviewed boron neutron capture therapy, in which boron-10 is hit by low-energy neutrons and gives off high-energy-transfer alpha particles and lithium-7 nuclei; sodium borocaptate and boronophenylalanine are the two boron drugs used in patients. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0035https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/boron/#e-borate-holds-plant-cell-walls-together10.1126/science.1062319Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTO'Neill and colleagues showed Arabidopsis growth depends on borate cross-links in the cell-wall pectin rhamnogalacturonan II: dwarf mur1 mutants had only half of it cross-linked, and adding borate rescued the defect. doi:10.1126/science.1062319https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/bromine/#e-bromine-is-essential-for-animals10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTMcCall and colleagues showed bromide is a required cofactor for forming sulfilimine cross-links in collagen IV of basement membranes; bromine-deficient fruit flies died and adding bromine back restored viability, making bromine an essential trace element for animals. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/cadmium/#e-a-cadmium-enzyme-in-diatoms10.1038/435042aMon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTLane and colleagues sequenced and characterised a cadmium-containing carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, which helps explain why cadmium behaves like a nutrient in the oceans. doi:10.1038/435042ahttps://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/cadmium/#e-quantum-dots-as-biological-labels10.1126/science.281.5385.2016Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTChan and Nie attached zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide quantum dots to biomolecules; compared with rhodamine dye they were 20 times brighter and 100 times more stable against photobleaching, and transferrin-labelled dots were taken up by HeLa cells. doi:10.1126/science.281.5385.2016https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/calcium/#e-g-camp-calcium-probe10.1038/84397Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTNakai, Ohkura and Imoto built G-CaMP, a calcium probe made from a single green fluorescent protein, which binds Ca2+ with an apparent Kd of 235 nM and showed large fluorescence changes in cultured cells. doi:10.1038/84397https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/calcium/#e-brighter-calcium-indicator-dyes10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83641-4Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTGrynkiewicz, Poenie and Tsien made a new family of fluorescent Ca2+ indicators that were up to 30 times brighter than the earlier dye quin2 and change wavelength, not just brightness, when they bind calcium. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83641-4https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/carbon/#e-radiocarbon-dating-checked10.1126/science.110.2869.678Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTArnold and Libby checked age determinations from radiocarbon content against samples of known age. doi:10.1126/science.110.2869.678https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/carbon/#e-bomb-carbon-14-dates-human-cells10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.028Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTSpalding and colleagues used the rise in atmospheric carbon-14 from nuclear weapons testing, which declined after 1963 and is recorded in genomic DNA, to date when human cells were born; neurons in the adult occipital cortex were as old as the person, while non-neuronal cells were replaced. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.028https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/carbon/#e-carbon-at-the-heart-of-nitrogenase10.1126/science.1214025Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTSpatzal and colleagues used atomic-resolution X-ray data and spin-echo spectroscopy to show that the light atom at the centre of nitrogenase's iron-molybdenum (FeMo) cofactor is a carbon species. doi:10.1126/science.1214025https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/cerium/#e-nanoceria-protects-the-retina10.1038/nnano.2006.91Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTChen and colleagues showed cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) prevented rises in reactive oxygen inside rat retina cell cultures and, in living animals, prevented vision loss from light-induced degeneration of photoreceptor cells. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.91https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/chromium/#e-bacteria-and-iron-detoxify-chromate10.1021/es001457bMon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTWielinga and colleagues showed the iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella alga BrY, together with iron oxides, completely reduced toxic chromate (Cr(VI)) to Cr(III); reduction through iron was much faster than the bacteria's direct enzymatic reduction. doi:10.1021/es001457bhttps://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/cobalt/#e-structure-of-vitamin-b1210.1038/178064a0Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTHodgkin and colleagues reported the structure of vitamin B12. doi:10.1038/178064a0https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/copper/#e-structure-of-plastocyanin10.1038/272319a0Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTColman and colleagues determined the X-ray crystal structure of plastocyanin at 2.7 Å resolution. doi:10.1038/272319a0https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/dysprosium/#e-dysprosium-nanoparticles-for-t2-mri10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.008Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTKattel and colleagues made D-glucuronic-acid-coated dysprosium oxide nanoparticles (about 3.2 nm) and dysprosium hydroxide nanorods as T2 MRI contrast agents, with a decent r2 and negligible r1 relaxivity. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.008https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/erbium/#e-er-yag-laser-for-tooth-decay10.1016/s0300-5712(97)00036-5Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn a study of 103 patients at five dental hospitals, Er:YAG laser cavity preparation was more comfortable than conventional mechanical drilling, and 82% of patients said they would prefer the laser for future caries treatment. doi:10.1016/s0300-5712(97)00036-5https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/europium/#e-europium-time-resolved-immunoassay10.1016/0003-2697(84)90095-2Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTHemmilä and colleagues developed an immunoassay using europium(III) labels measured by time-resolved fluorometry, detecting europium down to 5 × 10^-14 M. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(84)90095-2https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/fluorine/#e-fluorine-18-labelled-glucose-analog10.1002/jlcr.2580140204Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIdo and colleagues described a synthesis of fluorine-18-labelled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, a labelled glucose analog needed for studying local glucose metabolism in the brain. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580140204https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/fluorine/#e-fluorine-in-medicines10.1039/b610213cMon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTPurser and colleagues reviewed well-known fluorinated drugs, how they work, and how swapping in fluorine affects drug potency. doi:10.1039/b610213chttps://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/gadolinium/#e-gadolinium-mri-contrast-agents10.1021/cr980440xMon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTCaravan and colleagues reviewed gadolinium(III) chelates as MRI contrast agents: their structure, dynamics and applications. doi:10.1021/cr980440xhttps://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/gadolinium/#e-gadolinium-traces-in-the-brain10.1148/radiol.13131669Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTKanda and colleagues found that high signal in the brain's dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MRI correlated with the number of earlier gadolinium-based contrast doses. doi:10.1148/radiol.13131669https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/gallium/#e-gallium-as-a-trojan-horse-antibiotic10.1172/jci30783Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTKaneko and colleagues used gallium, which can substitute for iron, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: it inhibited growth and biofilm formation, killed bacteria in vitro, and was effective in two mouse lung-infection models. doi:10.1172/jci30783https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/hafnium/#e-hafnium-oxide-radioenhancer-nbtxr310.1016/s1470-2045(19)30326-2Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn the Act.In.Sarc phase 2–3 trial in locally advanced soft-tissue sarcoma, hafnium oxide nanoparticles (NBTXR3) injected into the tumour before radiotherapy doubled the pathological complete response rate, 16% versus 8% with radiotherapy alone. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30326-2https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/holmium/#e-holmium-166-microspheres10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.01.008Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTReinders and colleagues reviewed holmium-166 microspheres, a third type of microsphere for radioembolization of liver tumours in Europe; early studies showed a mean whole-liver dose of 60 Gy was safe and induced tumour response. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.01.008https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/indium/#e-indium-111-white-cell-scans10.1016/s0001-2998(05)80225-9Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTDatz reviewed indium-111-labelled leukocytes for detecting infection, which had a sensitivity of 90% to 95% when imaged 24 hours after injection. doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(05)80225-9https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/iodine/#e-radioactive-iodine-for-hyperthyroidism10.1001/jama.1946.02870190005002Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTHertz reported a three-to-five-year follow-up of 29 patients with hyperthyroidism treated from 1941 to 1946 with "internal irradiation" from radioactive iodine. doi:10.1001/jama.1946.02870190005002https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/iron/#e-3d-structure-of-haemoglobin10.1038/185416a0Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTPerutz and colleagues obtained a three-dimensional Fourier synthesis of haemoglobin at 5.5 Å resolution by X-ray analysis. doi:10.1038/185416a0https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/lanthanum/#e-rare-earths-essential-for-a-methane-eating-microbe10.1111/1462-2920.12249Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTPol and colleagues found the acid-loving methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, from an Italian volcanic mudpot, needs lanthanides such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium to grow; they are an essential cofactor of its methanol dehydrogenase. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12249https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/lanthanum/#e-lanmodulin-a-lanthanide-sensing-protein10.1021/jacs.8b09842Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTCotruvo and colleagues discovered lanmodulin in the bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens, a protein that changes shape in response to picomolar lanthanides but needs near-millimolar calcium. doi:10.1021/jacs.8b09842https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/lanthanum/#e-lanthanum-carbonate-phosphate-binder10.1016/s0272-6386(03)00554-7Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn a phase III placebo-controlled study in hemodialysis patients, lanthanum carbonate, a phosphate binder without calcium or aluminium, lowered serum phosphorus and was well tolerated. doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(03)00554-7https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/lead/#e-childhood-lead-and-school-performance10.1056/nejm197903293001301Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTNeedleman and colleagues found children with high lead levels in their teeth (dentine) scored lower on IQ, speech-processing and attention tests than children with low levels, and teacher-rated classroom problems rose with dentine lead. doi:10.1056/nejm197903293001301https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/lithium/#e-lithium-salts-for-psychotic-excitement10.5694/j.1326-5377.1949.tb36912.xMon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTCade reported on using lithium salts to treat psychotic excitement. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1949.tb36912.xhttps://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/lutetium/#e-lutetium-177-dotatate-netter-110.1056/nejmoa1607427Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn the NETTER-1 phase 3 trial in 229 patients with advanced midgut neuroendocrine tumours, estimated 20-month progression-free survival was 65.2% with lutetium-177-Dotatate versus 10.8% with octreotide LAR alone. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1607427https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/lutetium/#e-lutetium-177-psma-617-vision10.1056/nejmoa2107322Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn the VISION phase 3 trial in advanced PSMA-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, adding lutetium-177-PSMA-617 to standard care prolonged imaging-based progression-free survival and overall survival. doi:10.1056/nejmoa2107322https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/magnesium/#e-magnesium-sulphate-prevents-eclampsia10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08778-0Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTIn the Magpie Trial of 10,141 women with pre-eclampsia in 33 countries, those given magnesium sulphate had a 58% lower risk of eclampsia than those given placebo. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08778-0https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/manganese/#e-water-splitting-mn4cao5-cluster10.1038/nature09913Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTUmena and colleagues solved the structure of photosystem II at 1.9 Å, locating every metal atom of the Mn4CaO5 cluster where water is split, with five oxygen bridges and four bound water molecules. doi:10.1038/nature09913https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/mercury/#e-genes-for-mercury-methylation10.1126/science.1230667Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTParks and colleagues identified two genes, encoding a corrinoid protein and an iron-sulfur protein, that bacteria use to turn inorganic mercury into methylmercury; deleting either reduced methylmercury production without impairing growth. doi:10.1126/science.1230667https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/molybdenum/#e-molybdenum-enzymes10.1038/nature08302Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTSchwarz, Mendel and Ribbe reviewed molybdenum, essential for nearly all organisms and the catalytic centre of enzymes such as nitrogenase, nitrate reductases, sulphite oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductases, held in either an iron-molybdenum cofactor or pterin-based cofactors. doi:10.1038/nature08302https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/nickel/#e-nickel-in-urease10.1021/ja00847a045Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTDixon and colleagues identified jack bean urease as a metalloenzyme and suggested a simple biological role for nickel. doi:10.1021/ja00847a045https://biotechencyclopedia.com/elements/niobium/#e-niobium-carbide-nanosheets-heat-tumours10.1021/jacs.7b07818Mon, 19 Oct 2026 06:50:11 GMTLin and colleagues made ultrathin two-dimensional niobium carbide (Nb2C, an MXene) nanosheets that converted near-infrared light to heat efficiently, ablated tumour xenografts in mice, and were broken down by the human enzyme myeloperoxidase. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b07818