Also: CRISPR-Cas9, gene drive
CRISPR-Cas9 is a programmable gene editor. Gene drives use it to spread a trait through wild populations, such as malaria mosquitoes.
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Esvelt and colleagues discussed using CRISPR gene drives to change wild populations, and safeguards.
As reported in: Esvelt, Smidler, Catteruccia et al. (2014). Concerning RNA-guided gene drives for the alteration of wild populations. eLife. doi:10.7554/eLife.03401
Jinek and colleagues showed Cas9 can be programmed with RNA to cut chosen DNA, work honored with the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
As reported in: Jinek, Chylinski, Fonfara et al. (2012). A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1225829
Gantz and colleagues built an efficient Cas9 gene drive in Anopheles stephensi.
As reported in: Gantz, Jasinskiene, Tatarenkova et al. (2015). Highly efficient Cas9-mediated gene drive for population modification of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521077112
Hammond and colleagues built a gene drive targeting female fertility in Anopheles gambiae.
As reported in: Hammond, Galizi, Kyrou et al. (2016). A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae. Nature Biotechnology. doi:10.1038/nbt.3439
Kyrou and colleagues showed a doublesex gene drive fully suppressed caged mosquito populations.
As reported in: Kyrou, Hammond, Galizi et al. (2018). A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Nature Biotechnology. doi:10.1038/nbt.4245
Cong and colleagues showed Cas9 guided by short RNAs cuts precise sites in human and mouse cells, and several sites can be edited at once.
As reported in: Cong, Ran, Cox et al. (2013). Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1231143