Also: phenology, range shifts, spring advancement
As the climate warms, many species are shifting when they breed, flower or migrate, and where they live.
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Parmesan and Yohe analysed species' shifts in timing and range and found a pattern uniquely predicted by 20th-century climate trends, giving very high confidence that climate change is already affecting living systems.
As reported in: Parmesan, Yohe (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature01286
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Scranton and Amarasekare modeled insects and found warming of the mean temperature brings peak abundance earlier, but bigger seasonal swings can delay it.
As reported in: Scranton, Amarasekare (2017). Predicting phenological shifts in a changing climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711221114
Iler and colleagues reviewed evidence that shifts in seasonal timing affect survival or reproduction, finding population effects in some cases but buffering in others.
As reported in: Iler, CaraDonna, Forrest et al. (2021). Demographic Consequences of Phenological Shifts in Response to Climate Change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011921-032939